Sports participation among Brazilian adolescents and children: systematic review / Participação esportiva entre adolescentes e crianças brasileiras: revisão sistemática

Abstract The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of sports participation in Brazilian children and adolescents through a systematic literature review. A search was carried out in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, WEB OF SCIENCE, BIREME, SCIELO, and SCOPUS for manuscripts published until 2020, combining the keywords: "children", "adolescents", "prevalence", and "sports participation", in Portuguese and English. Twenty-six articles published between 2003 and 2020 were included in the review, with the aim of estimating the prevalence of participation in organized sports in Brazilian children and adolescents. Considering the regions where the studies were carried out, the majority were developed in the south (57.7%; n=15), followed by the southeast (19.2%; n=05), and northeast (15.4%; n=04), in addition to 7.7% (n=02) in all regions of the country. The data showed prevalence of sports participation ranging from 15.0% to 73.2% (mean of 44.8%) among children and adolescents, being higher in males (63.1%). From the results found, the need to develop public policies is evident, in order to favor adherence and maintenance of young people to sports practice, especially among those of the female sex.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência de participação esportiva em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros por meio de uma revisão sistemática de literatura. A busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas: MEDLINE, WEB OF SCIENCE, BIREME, SCIELO e SCOPUS de manuscritos publicados até o ano de 2020, por meio da combinação das palavras-chave: "crianças", "adolescentes", "prevalência" e "participação esportiva", em português e inglês. Foram incluídos na revisão 26 artigos publicados no período de 2003 a 2020, com objetivo de estimar a prevalência de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros acerca da participação em esportes organizados. Quanto a região de realização do estudo, a maioria foi desenvolvido no sul (57.7%; n=15), seguido do sudeste (19.2%; n=05) e nordeste (15.4; n=04), além de 7.7% (n=02) em todas as regiões do país. Os dados mostraram prevalências de participação esportiva que variaram entre 15.0% a 73.2% (média de 44.8%) entre crianças e adolescentes, sendo superior no sexo masculino (63.1%). A partir dos resultados encontrados evidencia-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para favorecera aderência e manutenção de jovens para a prática esportiva, principalmente entre aqueles do sexo feminino.

Relationship between pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia and bone mineral density in elderly men.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the influence of sarcopenia in bone health of elderly men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 198 men aged over 60 years. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD was measured at the femoral neck, total hip, lumbar spine and 33% radius. The diagnosis of abnormal BMD was defined for men who presented densitometric diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis defined by T-score of femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine. The pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia were defined according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. RESULTS: The group diagnosed with normal BMD, compared to the group of abnormal BMD, have significantly higher body weight, body mass index, grip strength, lean mass, fat mass, and relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM). However, after multiple linear regression analysis, we found that only the RASM, lean mass, and handgrip strength in the dominant hand influenced the variability of the BMD after adjustment for age and weight. Regression analyzes showed a positive association between greater appendicular lean mass and a smaller number of elderly patients with abnormal BMD diagnostic. The regression analyzes showed that elderly men diagnosed with pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia had more abnormal BMD than non-sarcopenic elderly men. CONCLUSION: We concluded that pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia were associated with abnormal BMD. The lean mass, compared to fat mass, has a greater positive influence on the BMD of elderly men. This result suggests the importance of the increase in lean mass for the bone health of elderly men.

Relationship between pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia and bone mineral density in elderly men

Objective Analyze the influence of sarcopenia in bone health of elderly men. Subjects and methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 198 men aged over 60 years. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD was measured at the femoral neck, total hip, lumbar spine and 33% radius. The diagnosis of abnormal BMD was defined for men who presented densitometric diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis defined by T-score of femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine. The pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia were defined according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Results The group diagnosed with normal BMD, compared to the group of abnormal BMD, have significantly higher body weight, body mass index, grip strength, lean mass, fat mass, and relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM). However, after multiple linear regression analysis, we found that only the RASM, lean mass, and handgrip strength in the dominant hand influenced the variability of the BMD after adjustment for age and weight. Regression analyzes showed a positive association between greater appendicular lean mass and a smaller number of elderly patients with abnormal BMD diagnostic. The regression analyzes showed that elderly men diagnosed with pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia had more abnormal BMD than non-sarcopenic elderly men. Conclusion We concluded that pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia were associated with abnormal BMD. The lean mass, compared to fat mass, has a greater positive influence on the BMD of elderly men. This result suggests the importance of the increase in lean mass for the bone health of elderly men. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(1):59-65 .

Fractal dimension and mandibular cortical width in normal and osteoporotic men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether fractal dimensions (FD) on the mandibular trabecular and cortical bone and mandibular cortical width (MCW) differ between patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective study, 133 dental panoramic radiographs from men aged >60 years and postmenopausal women with a bone densitometry report of the lumbar spine and hip classified as either normal or osteoporotic were selected. Fractal dimensions of five standardized trabecular and cortical mandibular regions of interest and mandibular cortical width were measured on the panoramic radiographs by an experienced oral radiologist, blinded to the densitometric diagnosis. The following statistical analyses were performed: ANOVA and a forward logistic stepwise regression to verify associations between dental panoramic measurements and the densitometric diagnosis. P values less than .05 indicated statistical significance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fractal dimension and mandibular cortical width. RESULTS: Differences were found in the FD values on mandibular cortical bone and MCW between patients with normal BMD and with osteoporosis, but not in the FD values of trabecular bone. The odds of having lower mean values of MCW and FD on cortical bone were 2.16, 3125 and 1005 times in osteoporotic patients, respectively, compared with patients with normal BMD. CONCLUSION: The values of FD analysis on mandibular cortical bone and MCW were lower in women with osteoporosis. A well-adjusted logistic regression model showed that cortical bone measurements might be considered as auxiliary tools to referring patients for DXA exam.

[Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus, bone densitometry and vertebral morphometry in men over the age of 60 years]. / Ultrassonometria do calcâneo, densitometria óssea e morfometria vertebral em homens com idade acima de 60 anos.

OBJECTIVES: To compare calcaneal ultrasonometry and bone densitometry in the evaluation of morphometric vertebral fractures in men over 60 years of age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 96 men over 60 years of age by means of bone densitometry of the spine, femur and radius, lateral radiograph of the thoracic and lumbar spine, and calcaneal ultrasonometry. RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of men had osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. Correlation was found between ultrasonometry stiffness index, T-score and bone mineral density of the spine, femur and radius (p < 0.01). Regarding the presence of fractures, there was a correlation only with BMD of the ultradistal radius (UD) and radius 33%. ROC curve showed accuracy only of UD radius BMD in detecting vertebral fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a correlation between osteoporosis diagnosis by ultrasonometry and densitometry in men over 60 years. It also showed a correlation between morphometric vertebral fracture and bone mineral density of the forearm.

Ultrassonometria do calcâneo, densitometria óssea e morfometria vertebral em homens com idade acima de 60 anos / Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus, bone densitometry and vertebral morphometry in men over the age of 60 years

OBJETIVOS: Comparar a ultrassonometria do calcâneo com a densitometria óssea na avaliação de fraturas vertebrais morfométricas em homens acima de 60 anos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 96 homens com mais de 60 anos por meio de densitometria óssea da coluna, fêmur e rádio, radiografia lateral da coluna torácica e lombar e ultrassonometria do calcâneo. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um por cento dos homens apresentaram osteoporose e fraturas vertebrais. Foi observada correlação entre índice de stiffness e T-score da ultrassonometria e as densidades minerais ósseas (DMO) de todos os sítios. Quanto à presença de fraturas, identificou-se correlação com a DMO do rádio ultradistal e 33%. Por meio da curva ROC, observou-se acurácia da DMO do rádio UD na detecção de fraturas vertebrais. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo mostrou correlação entre a ultrassonometria e a densitometria no diagnóstico de osteoporose em homens acima dos 60 anos. Também se identificou correlação entre fratura vertebral morfométrica e a DMO do rádio.

OBJECTIVES: To compare calcaneal ultrasonometry and bone densitometry in the evaluation of morphometric vertebral fractures in men over 60 years of age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 96 men over 60 years of age by means of bone densitometry of the spine, femur and radius, lateral radiograph of the thoracic and lumbar spine, and calcaneal ultrasonometry. RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of men had osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. Correlation was found between ultrasonometry stiffness index, T-score and bone mineral density of the spine, femur and radius (p < 0.01). Regarding the presence of fractures, there was a correlation only with BMD of the ultradistal radius (UD) and radius 33%. ROC curve showed accuracy only of UD radius BMD in detecting vertebral fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a correlation between osteoporosis diagnosis by ultrasonometry and densitometry in men over 60 years. It also showed a correlation between morphometric vertebral fracture and bone mineral density of the forearm.

Efeito das variáveis antropométricas e da idade no comportamento da força muscular de homens idosos / Effect of anthropometric variables in the behavior of muscle strength in elderly men

Introdução. O envelhecimento e algumas características físicas estão relacionados à redução da força muscular. Objetivo. Avaliar o efeito de idade, peso corporal, estatura e índice de massa corporal na força muscular de homens sedentários e independentes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. Método. Foram avaliadas, em 250 homens idosos, as variáveis antropométricas e as forças musculares de preensão manual, da coluna lombar e dos membros inferiores. Empregaram-se a estatística descritiva, o teste t de Student, o coeficiente de Pearson e Spearman e a análise de regressão linear multivariada. Resultados. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos testes de força muscular entre os homens com idade superior a 70 anos e aqueles de 60 a 64 anos e os outros com idade de 65 a 69 anos. Houve correlação negativa entre a idade e os dados antropométricos e os resultados dos testes de força muscular aferidos. Não houve correlação entre o teste de sentar e levantar e as variáveis antropométricas. Os testes de preensão palmar e dinamometria lombar tiveram correlações positivas com os parâmetros antropométricos. A idade compôs todos os modelos de regressão para explicar a variabilidade dos testes de força muscular. O peso corporal entrou no modelo de regressão dos testes de preensão palmar esquerda e dinamometria lombar e a estatura compôs o modelo de regressão para os testes de preensão palmar direita e esquerda. Conclusão. A idade correlacionou-se com todos os testes de força muscular. As variáveis antropométricas tiveram correlação significativa apenas com a dinamometria lombar e de preensão palmar direita e esquerda.

Introduction. Aging and some physical characteristics are related to reduction of muscle strength. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of age and anthropometric features on muscle strength in sedentary and ambulant older men. Method. Two hundred and fifty older men were evaluated by height, weight, body mass index, and measured hand grip strength, lumbar muscle strength and lower limb muscle strength. Results. The older group (more than 70 years old) had lower strength. Age was negatively correlated to anthropometric measures and all muscle strength tests. There were no correlations between thirty seconds chair-stand test and anthropometric features. There were positive correlations between hand grip strength and lumbar muscle strength tests and anthropometric variables. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age explained the variability of all muscle strength measured. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that body weight also correlated left hand grip and lumbar strength. Height was related to right and left hand grip strength. Conclusion. Age, body weight, height and body mass index were correlated to hand grip strength and lumbar muscle strength. The thirty seconds chair-stand test was related only to age.

Homens idosos com osteoporose são mais magros, têm menor índice de massa corporal e menor índice de rigidez / Elderly men with osteoporosis are thinner, have lower body mass index and lower stiffness index

Objetivo. Correlacionar o índice de rigidez com os resultados das densitometrias ósseas da coluna lombar, do fêmur proximal e do antebraço distal. Métodos. Foram avaliados 171 homens idosos moradores da comunidade sem diagnóstico de doenças osteometabólicas. A avaliação clínica buscou os fatores de risco de baixa massa óssea e fratura por trauma mínimo. A densitometria óssea considerou para a análise densitométrica as regiões de L1-L4, colo femoral, trocânter, quadril total, rádio 33%. O índice de rigidez foi o parâmetro considerado na ultrassonometria. Os resultados da densitometria e da ultrassonometria ósseas foram avaliados quanto ao T-Score ≤ -2,0 ou > -2,0. Resultados. A idade variou de 60 a 88 anos, com média de 69 ± 6,1. A média do índice de massa corporal foi 25,8 ± 3,6. Verificou-se tabagismo atual em 31,6% e 5,1% referiram etilismo. Receberam diagnóstico de osteoporose 39,2%, e 18,1% tiveram densitometria normal. Houve diferença quanto ao peso, índice de massa corporal, índice de rigidez e o T-Score do índice de rigidez entre os grupos quanto ao T-Score ≤ -2,0. Houve correlações fracas entre o índice de rigidez e as densidades minerais ósseas. Conclusão. As fracas correlações entre o índice de rigidez e as densidades minerais ósseas limitam o uso do método no diagnóstico de osteoporose nessa população. Os achados indicam que o índice de rigidez não é bom preditor da densidade mineral óssea avaliada pela densitometria. Entretanto, os homens com diagnóstico de osteoporose foram mais magros, com menor índice de massa corporal e tiveram menor índice de rigidez.

Objective. To correlate the stiffness index with results of bone densitometry of the lumbar spine, proximal fêmur and distal forearm. Methods. We evaluated 171 community-dwelling elderly men without diagnosed bone diseases. Clinical evaluation assessed risk factors for low bone mass and fracture by minor trauma. Densitometry evaluation considered the boné density measures at the regions of L1-L4, femoral neck, trochanter, total hip, radio 33%. Quantitative ultrasound considered stiffness index in the analysis. The results of bone densitometry and quantitative ultrasound were assessed for T-score ≤ -2.0 or > -2.0. Results. The age ranged from 60 to 88 years, averaging 69 ± 6.1. The mean body mass index was 25.8 ± 3.6. Patients reported smoking in 31.6% and alcohol abuse in 5.1% of times. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 39.2% and 18.1% had normal density. There was difference as to weight, body mass index, stiffness index and the index T-score of stiffness index between the groups in the T-Score ≤ -2.0. There were weak correlations between the stiffness index and bone mineral density. Conclusion. The poor correlation between stiffness index and bone mineral density limit the use of the method in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in this population. These findings indicate that stiffness index does not predict bone density as effectively as bone densitometry by the current standard methodology. However, men diagnosed with osteoporosis were thinner, with lower body mass index and had lower stiffness index.